REPUBLIC OF KENYA

IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND LAND COURT

AT NAKURU

ELC CASE NO. 308 OF 2013

SAMUEL NJOROGE GICHUHI................................PLAINTIFF

VERSUS

GEORGE MACHARIA KAGUA.....................1^ST DEFENDANT

COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF NAKURU....2^ND DEFENDANT

JUDGMENT

1. The plaintiff commenced the instant suit by way of a Plaint dated 16/04/2013 and filed in court on the same date. Later he filed an amended plaint dated 02/04/2014 on 03/04/2014. He further amended his pleading on 8/03/2018 and filed it on the same date. In the last amended plaint dated 8/03/2018 the plaintiff sought the following orders against the defendants:

a. A declaration that the plaintiff is entitled to exclusive and unimpeded possession of the property LR No. 668 Gilgil Site & Service Residential and the 1^st defendant is a trespasser occupying the Plaintiff’s parcel illegally.

b. Eviction orders and/or demolition orders against the 1^st defendant from the property Plot LR No. 668 Gilgil Site & Service Residential.

c. A perpetual/permanent injunction restraining the defendants or their servants/agents from entering, constructing, remaining, taking up, evicting, leasing out, renting out and/or interfering with the Plaintiff’s quiet possession and occupation of parcel Plot LR No. 668 Gilgil site & Service Residential.

d. General damages for trespass on the plaintiff’s parcel.

e. Costs of this suit together with interest on (d) above at court rates from the date of filing suit till payment in full. 

The Plaintiff’s Case

2. The Plaintiff averred that he was allotted Plot LR No. 668 Gilgil Site and Service Residential and has been in occupation since the year 1996. That he was re-issued with an allocation letter by the 2^nd defendant on 25/03/2013 after losing the original allocation letter sometime in the year 2004; that he has been paying the required rent and rates for the said parcel; that the 1^st defendant begun the encroachment in November 2003; that sometime in the month of October 2012 the 1^st defendant invaded the suit property and started constructing; that when the plaintiff confronted him, the 1^st defendant stated that he had been allocated Plot No. 677; that the  1^st defendant claimed that his plot no 677 was where the plaintiff’s  plot No. 668 stood; that the plaintiff attended various arbitration committees set up by the 2^nd defendant to resolve the dispute but the 1^st defendant failed to show up in those fora. That in 2006 the County Government advised the plaintiff to pay for a demolition order so as to demolish the fence constructed by the 1^st defendant around the suit property but after payment of the same, the 2^nd defendant did nothing. That on 11/03/2009, the County Council Arbitration Committee recommended that the 1^st defendant should remove the fence constructed on the disputed plot; that the 1^st defendant’s actual plot is Gilgil Site and Service Residential Plot No. 677 which is not adjacent to the plaintiff’s plot; that according to the Nakuru County Government’s Survey report, together with the survey plan, it is established that it is the 1^st defendant who has encroached on the plaintiff’s plot No. 668. That the 1^st defendant has continued with his acts of trespass on the suit property hence the instant suit.

The 1^st defendant’s Defence

3. The 1^st defendant filed his defence dated 29/04/2013 on 30/04/2013. The same was amended on 13/03/2018 and filed on 15/03/2018. In the amended defence the 1^st defendant denied the allegations as set out in the plaint. He stated that the 2^nd defendant offered the plaintiff allocation of a parcel of land under certain conditions; that the plaintiff never accepted the offer, failed to pay the stand premium,  and was therefore not allocated any plot identified by the number 668; that  the 1^st defendant does not claim either plot no 667 or 668; that he was never summoned to any arbitration forum as alleged by the plaintiff; That he purchased the parcel of land known as parcel No. 677 from one Joseph Cuthi Kinja and a transfer to his name done that he applied for and was granted permission to put up structures on his parcel of land; that he occupied the parcel of land from the date of transfer and started developing it; that he was not notified of need for demolition of his structures; that he has since completed constructing residential houses thereon and they are occupied; that he occupied the suit property with the knowledge of the plaintiff who never filed any suit for eviction until 2013 and that therefore the instant suit is barred by the Limitation of Actions Act; that he occupied plot number 677 in 1999; that to the extent that the entire suit does not touch the possession and ownership of parcel No. 677, then the same is incompetent and does not disclose any cause of action against him.

2^nd defendant’s Defence

4. The 2^nd defendant filed his statement of defence dated 02/05/2013 on 03/05/2013 and simply denied the contents of the plaint.

The Plaintiff’s Evidence  

5. The Plaintiff gave his evidence on 20/07/2018. It was his testimony that the 1^st defendant invaded his plot Gilgil Site and Service plot No. 668 which was allocated to him by the 2^nd defendant in the year 1996. He testified that he was issued with an allotment letter in the year 1998 which he lost and that he was subsequently issued with another allotment letter dated 25/03/2013 (P.Exh. 1.) It was his further evidence that he was shown the suit property by a surveyor of the 2^nd defendant known as Mr. Muchiri after paying Ksh.1000/= which was the fee for services of being shown the plot; that he was to pay Ksh. 10,500/= so as to be issued with a lease, which amount he testified that he paid. It was his testimony that he has paid rates for the plot, his first payment having been on 2/07/1997 and the last payment on 27/06/2018. He produced a bundle of twenty-two receipts (P. Exh 2(a) to (v)) as evidence of payment of rates.

6. It was PW1’s testimony that he fenced the plot with a live plant fence. That he went away for work and was called by his wife in the year 2003 and informed that someone had interfered with the plot. It was his evidence that he went to the offices of the County Council and found out that it was the 1^st defendant who was interfering with his land and that the 1^st defendant was summoned to the County Council Office but failed to comply with the summons. He testified they were referred to arbitration but the 1^st defendant did not show up and later he was asked to pay for a demolition order which he paid for and was issued with a receipt dated 03/08/2006 for Ksh. 1000/= (P. Exh 3.); that the County Council officers accompanied him to the plot and demolished a gate, a fence and a small structure that had been put up. He testified that he was referred to arbitration vide the letters dated 21/05/2007, 25/05/2008 and 11/03/2009 which letters he produced as P. Exh 4, 5 and 6 respectively. He also produced photographs of the plot that he took of the suit property on 9/02/2013 which he produced as P. Exh 7 (a), (b) and (c). He testified further that when the 1^st defendant declined to vacate the suit property, he was advised to go to court. He produced a demand letter dated 12/02/2013 as P. Exh. 8 and a response by the County Council dated 15/02/2013 as P. Exh. 9.

7. PW1 testified that the 1^st defendant claimed he owned plot no. 668 but he never produced documents to support his claim. The plaintiff maintained that plot no. 667 is separate from plot no. 668; that he obtained a court order on 17/04/2013 (P. Exh 10;) that further vide an order issued on 1/08/2013 (P. Exh 11) the court ordered the 1^st defendant to be depositing Ksh. 25,000/= every month. It was further the plaintiff’s evidence that the court ordered a surveyor to visit the suit land which he did and filed the report dated 20/02/2018.

8. On cross-examination he reiterated that he was allocated the suit property in the year 1996 but lost the allocation letter. He also stated that he has in his possession a police abstract that shows that he reported the loss. When he was referred to the certified copy of allotment letter dated 25/03/2013, he confirmed that it does not state that he was allocated the land in 1996 but that he paid the money as indicated in the letter and that the receipts he produced were for payments made between the years 1997 to 2006.

9. PW1 also admitted that he is not sure whether the arbitration notices from the County Council were sent to the 1^st defendant. When he was referred to the letter dated 11/03/2009, he confirmed that the dispute was between plots 667 and 668 which were contiguous plots while the 1^st defendant had claimed that his plot was no. 677. He also admitted that the findings of the arbitration were that he did not produce an allotment letter. He stated that he first knew of the invasion in the year 1998 and that it was in 2008 when he realized that he had lost the 1996 letter of allotment.

10. On re-examination he stated that the first time he went to arbitration was in the year 2003 and that he engaged with the 1^st defendant for over six years before coming to court.

11. Atai Kingoina Oren testified as PW2. He stated that he is a surveyor and works for the County Government of Nakuru. It was his evidence that he went to the disputed parcel of land on 12/02/2018; that he used the departmental map and the Part Development Plan for Gilgil Site and Service; that both the plaintiff and the 1^st defendant were present; that his findings were that plot No. 668 is developed and next to the Nakuru-Nairobi highway while plot No. 677 has a perimeter fence and was not developed and was located near the extension to the Village Polytechnic in Gilgil; that both parcels of land measure 25 meters by 12 meters; that he attached a copy of the original map used in the department with serial No. 7134 and certified by the Director of Survey at the County.

12. On cross-examination he stated that a part development plan shows that the area has been planned and persons allocated land would need to be published in the Kenya gazette which he could not confirm if it that done.

13. James Kariuki testified as PW3. He stated that he is the Principal Surveyor in charge of Nakuru County. It was his evidence that the property in dispute is located at Gilgil at a place called Gilgil Site and Service. He testified that he was served with an order; that the order related to plot no’s 668 and 677; that on 8/02/2018 he certified the map and assigned Atai Oren, PW2 to do the survey; that he visited the suit property on 12/02/2018; that PW2 used the scheme plan which is a copy as they could not trace the original; that it had serial number T134 which showed that it was authentic.  He then produced the survey report dated 20/02/2018 and the scheme plan as P. Exh. 12A and P. Exh. 12B respectively.

14. On cross-examination, he was referred to the Scheme Plan produced as PExb. 12B and he confirmed that at the bottom it stated “Proposed Part Development, Plan Gilgil Site and Service”. He also confirmed that he had no evidence that the part development plan was gazetted and that when he applied for the blue print form the Director of Survey, he did not get any response. He also admitted that the scheme plan does not show if it was received by the Director of Surveys whom he needed to go to for a conclusive record of where the two plots are physically located. He further admitted that he did not get a map from the Director of Surveys. He was referred to document 1 on the 1^st defendant’s additional list of documents and he identified the stamp of District Public Physical Planning Department which had a location plan and admitted that it was not the one that he used. He confirmed that the 1^st defendant needed the approval of the surveyor and that there was no evidence that that approval was given. He was also referred to a bill of payment of rates for plot 668 Gilgil Kampi Somali and he stated that Kampi Somali is part of Gilgil Site and Service and was referred to that way as it has a high concentration of Somalis.

15. On re-examination he stated that each plot at Gilgil Site and Service has a plot number and that plot numbers 677 and 668 are located at Gilgil site and service.

Defendants Evidence

16. George Macharia Kagua, the 1^st defendant, testified as DW1. It was his evidence he owns a plot in Gilgil which is plot No. 677. He testified that he bought it from a Mr Kinja in the year 1999; that the previous owners preceding Mr. Kinja were Kamunya Ndemo and Elijah Delhi Muriu; he produced the documents in his list of documents filed on 31/07/2018 as D.Exh 1- 4; that after buying land parcel No. Gilgil site and Service 677 he started paying rates; that in the year 2000, he begun cultivating the land and built an iron sheet structure; that the plaintiff went to him and asked him to enable him get a buyer for the next plot, No. 667 and when he did, the transaction could not go through as he did not have the documents; that four years later the plaintiff came and informed him, that he had obtained documents and that he needed a buyer; that DW1 got the plaintiff a buyer as he desired, but later the plaintiff came to the plot with a Mr. Otieno and told him that he had constructed on the wrong plot; that he was never called for arbitration by the 2^nddefendant; that however he is aware that in the year 2004 the County Council attempted to resolve the dispute. He was referred to the receipts produced as P. Exh. 2P and PExb. 2Q and the demand letter produced as P. Exh. 8 and he stated that the plot the plaintiff claims as per his documents, including P.Exh 2P, is plot 668 Gilgil Kampi Somali; he held that Kampi Somali and Gilgil Site and Service Scheme are two different sites; that the former site is on the right side of the Gilgil-Nairobi road as one faces towards Nairobi while the latter site is on the left side while facing the same direction.                                        

17. On cross-examination he stated that his plot is number 677 and that plot number 667 encroached on his side. He also confirmed that that the plot that he is occupying is plot No. 677 Gilgil Site and Service and that he finished construction of the permanent house in the year 2012. He further confirmed that he did not have the approved plans for construction in court. He also stated that in the year 2004, he was served with a demolition order which he stated he complied with. He admitted that by the time he was served with the demand notice dated 12/02/2013, there was no construction ongoing on the suit property. He confirmed that on 18/07/2013 the court ordered that he deposits the rent of Ksh. 25,000/= per month in court which he admitted he was no longer depositing. He also admitted to being present when the surveyor came to the ground but added that he did not agree with his report. He further confirmed that he had in his possession the allotment letter for plot 677 which he got from Kamunya.

18. On re-examination, he stated that the demand letter was in respect to plot no. 668 - Gilgil Kampi Somali which he was not in occupation of. 

Submissions

19. The Plaintiff filed his submissions on 8/02/2022 while the 1^st defendant filed his submissions on 21/02/2022.

20. The plaintiff in his submissions gave a brief history and facts of the case and submitted on the following issues: whether the plaintiff’s suit is barred by limitation of time, whether the 1^st defendant has occupied the plaintiff’s Plot No. 668 Gilgil Site & Service or whether the 1^st defendant is on his rightful Plot No. 677 Gilgil Site & Service and whether the Plaintiff is entitled to the orders sought.

21. On the first issue, the plaintiff relied on Section 7 of the Limitation of Actions Act and the case of Githu vs Ndeete [1984] KLR 776 among other cases and submitted that no party can invoke the provisions of the Limitation of Actions Act to claim County Council land or to impeach the allocation rights bestowed upon another party by the County Council.

22. On whether the 1^st defendant has occupied the plaintiff’s plot No. 668 or Plot No. 677 Gilgil Site and service, the plaintiff submitted that the arbitration committee of the County Council in its recommendations on 11/03/2009 directed the 1^st defendant to remove the fence surrounding plot No. 668; that also the report by the County Surveyor dated 20/02/2018 concluded that the 1^st defendant is in occupation of the plaintiff’s plot No. 668 Gilgil Site & Service. The plaintiff also submitted that it is clear that the 1^st defendant had trespassed onto the suit property and prayed that the orders sought in the Plaint be granted.

23. The 1^st defendant in his submissions gave a summary of the pleadings and the facts and submitted that the plaintiff’s suit is barred by the Limitation of Actions Act. It was his submissions that the cause of action arose in 1998 and the suit filed in 2013 which was fifteen (15) years after the cause of action arose. The 1^st defendant also submitted that the suit property is not community or trust land as alleged in the plaintiff’s submissions because the same was not pleaded. It was the 1^st defendant’s submissions that the plaintiff did not comply with the terms of the letter of allocation in 1996 or 2013 and has never been in occupation since the 1^st defendant occupied it and he therefore lacks the locus standi to sue. On whether the plaintiff demonstrated the physical location of parcel number 668, it was submitted that the County Surveyor did not use the accurate maps to identify the physical location of the disputed property but instead used a part development plan that had not been published in the Kenya Gazette. In conclusion the 1^st defendant submitted that the plaintiff’s claim is defeated by proprietary estoppel and prayed that the suit be dismissed.

Analysis and Determination 

24. After considering the pleadings, evidence and submissions of the parties, the following issues arise for determination:

a. Whether the plaintiff’s suit is barred by law of limitation;

b. If the answer to (a) above is in the negative, who between the plaintiff and the 1^st defendant is the lawful owner of the suit property?

c. Whether the plaintiff should be granted the orders sought in the Plaint.

Whether the plaintiff’s suit is barred by the law of limitation.

25. I will first address the issue of whether the plaintiff’s claim is barred by limitation. The plaintiff admitted that he became aware of the 1^st defendant’s presence on the suit property in the year 1998. That he opted to go to the County Council of Nakuru to report the same and they were then referred to arbitration and he later filed the present suit in 2013.  The 1^st defendant on the other had stated that the plaintiff instituted the present suit fifteen years after the cause of action arose. It is my view that the plaintiff’s claim against the 1^st defendant is one of trespass. The Trespass Act Cap 403 defines a trespasser to mean any person who without reasonable excuse enters, is or remains upon, or erects any structure on, or cultivates or tills, or grazes stock or permits stock to be on, private land without the consent of the occupier thereof shall be guilty of an offence.

26. The Black’s Law Dictionary defines a continuing trespass as follows:

 “A trespass in the nature of a permanent invasion on another’s rights, such as a sign that overhangs another’s property”.

27. In Clerk & Lindsell on Torts 16^th Edition paragraph 23- 01 it is stated that:

“Every continuance of a trespass is a fresh trespass of which a new cause of action arises from day to day as long as the trespass continues”.

28. The plaintiff’s claim is that the 1^st defendant entered into and remained in occupation of land that belongs to him which is essentially trespass. The plaintiff’s claim of trespass being a continuous tort is not time barred. This was the determination by the Court of Appeal in the case of Muthiora v Marion Muthama Kiara (Suing on behalf of the Estate of Erastus Muthamia Kiara - Deceased) (Civil Appeal 43 of 2017) [2022] KECA 28 (KLR) where it was held that:

“…it is clear that any unauthorized entry whether present or continuous is trespass. In this case, it is indeed common ground that the appellant entered into and has remained in occupation of the suit property. The appellant’s continued occupation of the said property from the first date of entry in so far as it is unauthorized by the respondent amounts to trespass and remains as such to date. The respondent’s claim for trespass being a continued tort is, therefore, not time barred.”

29. This court therefore holds that the plaintiff’s claim is not barred by limitation.

Who between the plaintiff and the 1^st defendant is the lawful owner of the suit property?

30. The plaintiff gave evidence that he was allocated land parcel No. Gilgil Site and Service Plot No. 668 in 1996 but lost the allotment letter. He produced a re-issued letter of allotment dated 25/03/2013 by the County Council of Nakuru. He testified that he was to pay Kshs. 10,500/= so as to be issued with a lease and produced a bundle of receipts that indicate that he paid rent and rates for plot No. 668. The receipts produced refer to the suit property as LR No. 668 Gilgil Site & Service and Plot No. 668 Gilgil Kampi Somali. It was also his evidence that when he was informed that the 1^st defendant had trespassed onto the suit property; he went to the County Council of Nakuru who referred them to arbitration but the 1^st defendant did not show up.

31. Of particular interest is the letter dated 11/03/2009 addressed to the plaintiff from the County Council of Nakuru which indicated that plot number 668 was allocated to him even though he did not produce an allotment letter and that his claim was that plot number 667, which the 1^st defendant had fenced off, was the site of his plot. The letter goes on to indicate that the plot (667) was allocated to Kamunya Ndemo in 1987 who transferred it to the 1^st defendant George Kagua who had paid all the Council dues in respect of the plot. That the Part Development Plans produced by the Planning Officer had the sequence interrupted thereby showing plot number 688 at the site of plot 677 and vice versa. The arbitration committee recommended that the site where plot number 667 stands is the actual site for plot number 668.

32. The Transfer of Plot Form produced by the 1^st defendant dated 24/07/1996 from Kamunya Ndemo to Elijah Muriu indicated that the transfer was in respect of plot No. 677. It is my view that the plot number that the letter dated 11/03/2009 meant to refer to was “677” as it is the one whose previous allottee was Kamunya Ndemo who later transferred the plot to Elijah Muriu. Elijah Muriu later transferred Plot 677 to Joseph Cuthi Kinja vide the Transfer of Plot dated 2/4/1998 and Joseph Cuthi Kinja vide the transfer of plot dated 19/07/1999 transferred the same plot to the 1^st defendant George M. Kagua. 

33. The plaintiff also produced a surveyor’s Ground Status Report dated 20/02/2018 whose finding was that plot No. 668 is developed and next to the Nakuru Nairobi Highway while Plot No. 677 has a perimeter fence with no development and located near the extension to the Gilgil village Polytechnic. On cross-examination, the plaintiff admitted that he did not have the receipt for Ksh. 10, 500/= in the bundle. He also admitted that in Gilgil there is an area called Gilgil Site and Service and another called Kampi Somali which according to him were two distinct areas. He confirmed that the demand letter and some of the receipts referred to LR 668 Kampi Somali. He also confirmed that he found out about the occupation of the 1^st defendant on his property in 1998 but filed the case in 2013.

34. James Kariuki, the principal surveyor in charge of Nakuru County testified in support of the plaintiff’s case as PW3. It was his evidence that the suit property is located in Gilgil at a place called Gilgil Site and Service and after receiving the court order, he assigned a surveyor the task of surveying the property. It was his evidence that they used a copy of a scheme plan to conduct the survey because the original was lost. On cross-examination he confirmed that he was not sure whether the PDP was gazetted, that there is no evidence of the surveyor approving the 1^st defendant’s developments and that Kampi Somali is part of Gilgil Site and Service.  Atai Kingoina, the surveyor who conducted the survey stated on cross-examination that Gilgil Site and Service and Kampi Somali are two different locations. On re-examination he stated that both plots are located at Gilgil Site and Service and that there are no plots known as No. 677 and 668 within Kampi Somali.

35. The 1^st defendant’s case on the other hand is that he was allocated plot No. 677 in Gilgil located at Site and Service. It was his evidence that he bought it from a Joseph Kinja in the year 1999 and produced a transfer of plot dated 19/07/1999. He stated that after purchasing it, he continued paying rates and that in the year 2004, he was informed that he was occupying the wrong plot but he was never called for any arbitration. He also stated that Site and Service and Kampi Somali are two different places. He pointed out that some of the documents produced by the plaintiff referred to plot 668 Kampi Somali. On cross-examination he stated that he is in occupation of plot No. 677 Gilgil Site and Service and that in 2004 he was served with a demolition order.

36. The plaintiff claims to be the owner of Gilgil Site and Service Plot No. 668 which he alleges the 1^st defendant is occupying while the 1^st defendant claims that he is the owner of Gilgil Site and Service Plot No. 677. They are both claiming the same property on the ground but each identifies it by a different plot number. The surveyor’s Ground Status Report dated 20/02/2018 indicated that Plot No. 668 is next to the Nakuru Nairobi Highway while plot 677 has a perimeter fence with no development and is located near the extension to the Village Polytechnic. The property is dispute has been identified by the surveyor to be plot No. 668 that belongs to the plaintiff meaning that the 1^st defendant developed plot No. 668 instead of his plot No. 677. The 1^st defendant demonstrated in his evidence how he acquired plot No. 677 which is clearly not the one that he is in occupation of. The 1^st defendant also admitted that in the year 2004 he was informed that he was in occupation of the wrong plot and was served with a demolition order but he still went ahead to later construct more houses on the land. 

37. It is this court’s finding that the surveyor’s report is sufficient evidence to prove on a balance of probability that the 1^st defendant is in occupation of plot No. 668 which belongs to the plaintiff.  In the end, I find that the plaintiff has established his claim as required by law and therefore it must succeed. I also note that this is a dispute that was within the ability of the allocating authority to resolve easily and therefore the 2^nd defendant having failed to do so can not escape liability for costs of this litigation.

38. Consequently, I hereby enter judgment for the plaintiff against the defendants and I issue the following final orders:  

a. It is hereby declared that the plaintiff is entitled to exclusive and unimpeded possession of the property LR No. 668 Gilgil Site & Service Residential and the 1^st defendant is a trespasser occupying the Plaintiff’s parcel illegally.

b. The 1^st defendant shall remove himself and his property from plot No. 668 Gilgil Site & Service Residential forthwith and in default, the relevant officials of the Nakuru County Government shall enter the premises known as Plot No. 668 Gilgil Site & Service Residential and evict 1^st defendant and remove his structures from the plot No. 668 Gilgil Site & Service Residential to give vacant possession to the plaintiff.

c. An order of permanent injunction is hereby issued restraining the defendants or their servants/agents from entering, constructing, remaining, taking up, evicting, leasing out, renting out and/or interfering with the Plaintiff’s quiet possession and occupation of parcel Plot LR No. 668 Gilgil site & Service Residential.

d. The 1^st defendant shall pay to the plaintiff the sum of Ksh 50,000/= (in words, Fifty Thousand shillings only) as general damages for trespass on the plaintiff’s parcel.

e. Owing to the circumstances of this case the defendants shall jointly and severally bear the costs of this suit. 

DATED, SIGNED AND DELIVERED AT NAKURU VIA ELECTRONIC MAIL ON THIS 28^TH DAY OF APRIL, 2022

MWANGI NJOROGE

JUDGE, ELC, NAKURU