REPUBLIC OF KENYA

IN THE HIGH COURT OF KENYA

AT CHUKA

HCCR NO. 22 OF 2018

REPUBLIC..................................................................................PROSECUTOR

VERSUS

BENSON KIMATHI MARANGU..............................................1^ST ACCUSED

FRANCIS OTUNDO....................................................................2^ND ACCUSED

R U L I N G

1. BENSON KIMATHI MARANGU and FRANCIS OTUNDO the applicants herein are charged with the offence of murder contrary to  Section 203 as read with Section 204 of the Penal Code.  They have both  denied committing the offence and the case is pending for trial.  The two accused persons have filed two applications dated 30^th October, 2018 and 1^st November, 2018 both asking to be released on reasonable bail/bond terms    pending trial.

2.   The grounds upon which the two applications have been presented are as  follows namely:

 (i)   That the 1^st applicant - Benson Kimathi has been in custody  since 8^th September 2018 and had been in custody for 7 weeks before being formally charged with any offence.

(ii) The 1^st applicant has a medical condition of gastritis for the  last 3 years that is gradually escalating as a result of  continued incarceration and that he has developed arthritis  and pneumonia while in remand.

 (iii) That both accused/applicants have a constitutional right to be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved.

(iv)   That both have a permanent fixed place of abode and  therefore are not a flight risk.

 (v)  That there are no special or peculiar circumstance that bars the accused persons being granted bond.

 (vi)   That the applicants will not interfere with witnesses if released  on bond and that they will abide with all conditions as may be   imposed by this court.

3.  The 1^st applicant has supported his grounds for bail application with an affidavit sworn on 29^th October, 2018.  He has deposed that he is unwell needs to be released in order to enable help seek for proper medical treatment.  He has exhibited medical documents to confirm that he has a medical condition.  He further states that he has been cooperating with the investigations and has cooperated with the detectives who investigated this  case.

4.   The 1^st applicant has further deposed that he comes from Kaaga in Meru   County and that he has a home in Mpakone  where he grew up as a child.  Besides his home, he also avers that he has a place of abode in Maua  town where he has rented premises where his wife and child resides.  He  further adds that he is a businessman trading in the name and style of   Maxlab Investiment which deals with supply of laboratory chemicals to  schools in Meru and Tharaka Nithi Counties.  He contends that the business would suffer and collapse if he is not released and in that event he would suffer and his family would suffer too as he is a bread winner of the family.

5.  The 1^st applicant opines that the evidence relied on by the prosecution is purely circumstantial and has contended through learned counsel, Mr. Mutuma, that he has a right to be presumed innocent until/unless proven   guilty.  The defence counsel further submitted that the onus is for the   prosecution to prove that there are compelling reasons to deny bail to an  accused person as opposed to accused person proving that he should be granted bond.  The 1^st accused contends that the Constitution guarantees him   that right.

6.  The 1^st accused further contends that the right to bail and the law presumes that the accused person is being held lawfully and in this case it is the 1^st  accused's contention that he is being held illegally in contravention of his   rights  under Article 49(1)(f) of the Constitution. He avers that he was arrested on 8^th September 2018 and was not brought to court until 20^th September, 2018.  He has further pointed out that the State through the  Director of Public Prosecution appeared in court on 10^th September, 2018 in his  absence and sought for his continued stay in custody.  He opines that  the ex parte proceedings contravened his rights and the fact that he has been   in custody for 4 months shows that his unalienable rights under the Constitution have been denied and he insists those rights are integral part of  a democratic state.  He further argues that his continued stay in custody is a  further violations of his rights and that the same would be a recipe for a  mistrial.  In  his view the State, does not have any moral authority to oppose   his application for bail.

7.  On his part the 2^nd accused/applicant has associated himself with the  sentiments of the 1^st applicant and added that the only compelling reason pointed out by the Respondent is the victim's allegations that if the accused persons are released on bond, they could intimidate and instil fear to key witnesses in this case.  It is the 2^nd applicant's contention that the allegations are not true.  He avers that he is a family man with a wife and he is unlikely  to abscond as such.

8.  The state has opposed both applications through the affidavit of Corporal Reuben Mwaniki and a further affidavit from the mother of the deceased. Corporal Reuben Mwaniki in his affidavit sworn on 20^th November,2018 averred that  he is one of the investigators in this case and has deposed that  the 1^st accused is an ex-prison warder well trained and that he poses a threat  to witnesses and investigations which he states are on-going.

9.  The investigating officer has further deposed that key eye witnesses in this  case are children aged between 8 years and 11 years and therefore  vulnerable requiring protection bearing that the deceased having been their   school mate, the said witnesses are still traumatized.

10. The respondent has further stated that the 1^st accused person is temperamental and is known that way by prosecution witnesses.

11. In respect to the 2^nd accused, the investigating officer has stated that he has no fixed place of abode.

12.  The State has further averred that the deceased's disappearance and murder brought a lot of public outrage and outcry and that it would be in the interest  of justice to keep the accused person in custody pending trial.

13.  Mr. Momanyi learned Counsel for the Director of Public Prosecution  submitted that the affidavits filed sworn by the investigating officer and    Hon. Caroline Kemei, (the deceased's mother) reveal that there are  compelling reasons to deny bond to the accused persons.  He has argued that the 1^st accused person is well trained with the use of firearms as he is a former disciplined officer and that that knowledge sends fear to the  witnesses if   the 1^st   accused is released on bond as witnesses may get scared  to come and   testify during trial especially given that some are minors.

14.   The respondent has further submitted that given the serious nature of the  offence and the evidence which he states have been supplied to the defence, he contends that the same can be a motivating factor to abscond.  The   respondent has added that the 2^nd accused is a flight risk as he has no fixed   place of abode.

15.  On the allegations by the 1^st accused that he was unlawfully held for far too long before being arraigned in court, the respondent has submitted that the   lower court considered the issues at hand at the time and that the 1^st accused  was duly represented in court on 10^th September 2018 by his present counsel.

16. The victim's family through their learned counsel Mr. Kariuki opposed both the applications to release the applicants on bond.  He pointed out that the  1^st accused was arrested on 8^th September 2018 which he says was a   Saturday and there the nearest day he could be presented in court was 10^th  September, 2018 which he says was a Monday.  He has further contended    that the 1^st accused has been in custody since 10^th September 2018 pursuant     to court orders and that the said orders have not been challenged and that if   the 1^st accused felt that there is non compliance with Article 49 (f) of the  Constitution the issue should have been raised and canvassed before the  Magistrate's Court.  He submits that the 1^st applicant simply applied for  proceedings but todate he has not challenged those proceedings.  He further  maintains that it is improper for the 1^st applicant to lump together his agitation for his right under Article 49(1) (h) and 49(1)(f).  In his view, the   infringement of Article 49(f) if any should have been taken as a sustentative  issue before the plea was taken in order for this court to investigate the   matter fully and it is submitted that even if the court was to find that there   was such violations the remedy would not be to release the suspect but order  for an appropriate remedy which would be damages against the State.

17.  The victim herein has further contended that the right to bail is not absolute and that she has compelling reasons why the accused person should be  denied bond and that the test to be applied on whether reasons advanced are  compelling or not is on a balance of probabilities.  The grounds advanced to  deny the accused bails are as follows:-

(i)     That the accused persons are likely to abscond because of the nature of the offence.

 (ii)   That as per the affidavit of Caroline Kemei, the 1^st accused is well known to her family and that the witness statements have been supplied to him and that he knows all the witnesses  from the victim's family.  The victim has also pointed out that the 1^st accused has a vast network of friends in Meru and Tharaka Nithi and the possibility of interference is high. 

18. Mr. Kariuki cited the authority in the case of Republic -vs- Joseph Kuria Irungu alias Jwire and Another (Nbi HC Criminal Case  No.51/18 where he opines  that the court held that there was a  possibility of witnesses interference where an accused person was known to  the family members of the victim. It was contended that the 1st accused was  known to the victim's family.

19.  The third reason why the victim opines the accused should be denied bond is that there is likelihood that the accused persons may intimidate witnesses.They have pointed out that some witnesses are young and vulnerable.  The   victim has further contended that a mere fact of releasing the accused persons on bond will cause a lot of fear and intimidation to the weak and vulnerable witnesses.  On this contention, the victim has relied on the decision cited by the 1^st applicant in Republic -vs- Zacharia Okoth Obado  and 2 Others [2018].

20. The victim's counsel has also pointed out that this case has raised some   great public interest owing to heinous manner in which the murder was  carried out.  He contends that releasing the accused on bond now would create a bad impression about administration of justice by the Judiciary.

21.  The application herein and the responses made by both the respondent and  the victim's family has raised two issues for determination by this court   namely:-

a)  Whether the detention of the 1^st accused is illegal and if so whether a remedy lies in this application.

b)  Whether the reasons advanced by the Respondent and the victim are compelling to deny the accused persons their respective rights to bail.

22    (a)   Whether the detention of the 1^st accused/applicant is illegal and if so whether a remedy lies in this application

This court has noted from the facts presented before me that the 1^st accused/applicant was arrested on 8^th September, 2018 which as per the calendar of that month was a Saturday.  The prosecution through the office   of Director of Public Prosecution vide a Meru Chief Magistrate Court Misc Criminal Application No. 57 of 2018 appeared in Court on10^th September  2018 which was the following Monday and asked the lower court for orders   to detain the 1^st accused/applicant which application was vehemently  opposed by the 1^st applicant's counsel.  Nonetheless the 1^st applicant was ordered to be detained for 3 days.  The record does not show why the 1^st accused was not produced and the defence counsel did not raise the issue at that stage.  The record also do not show how the 1^st accused's lawyer was notified and what informed the non-production of the 1^st accused on 10^th   September, 2018.  The matter was placed for mention on 13^th September,2018 and the 1^st accused was absent but his counsel was present.  The State applied to detain him for 7 more days in view of investigations going on and   though his counsel opposed, the court ordered for his further detention to enable the police complete their investigations.

23.  It is patently clear from the above that the 1^st accused was detained pursuant to lawful orders applied for and given by the Subordinate Court.  There is   therefore no basis for the 1^st accused to term his detention in custody illegal.  Of course I agree with him that the provisions of Article 49(6) required the police to produce him in court on 10^th September, 2018 given that 8^th September 2018 was a Saturday.  Mr. Kariuki, the victim's lawyer submitted that, the circumstances obtaining at the time was such that it was not  practical to produce the 1^st accused in court but that information though coming from the bar did pose an important question which is whether it is appropriate for this court in determining the application to release the accused's persons on bail pending trial, can simultaneously determine    whether the rights of 1^st accused under Article 49(f)  of Constitution were infringed.

24.  It is true that accused persons in Kenya enjoys rights as enshrined in the Constitution and those rights must be respected by all  State organs.  Where  a party feels that any of his/her Constitutional rights have been  infringed,    he/she has liberty to take action against any person or State agency involved.  However in taking that action, I agree with Mr. Kariuki learned counsel for the victim's family,  that the proper thing to do is to take     a substantive action rather than seek to enforce his rights under Article 49(1)   (h) through a finding on the infringements of his rights under Article  49(1)(f).  The basis for this is simple.  This court to determine if there was  infringement of Constitutional rights under Article 49(1)(f) should be  substantively moved in order to give all parties a chance to canvass  the  question of infringement  of that Constitutional right. The court  would then   be in a position, upon interrogating all facts/evidence presented, to make an  informed substantive decision over the same and if there   is merit make   appropriate order for remedy.

25.    In my considered view, ordering that the accused persons herein be released      on bond purely and solely on the ground that their right (s) under Article     49(1)(f) was/were infringed would be akin to using a wrong to    right/sanitize another wrong.  Why do I say this? The reason for my take is   that supposing I was to find basis that there exists compelling reason(s) to   deny bail as  provided under Article 49 (1) (h) but hold the because the  accused persons’ Constitution rights were infringed when they were arrested    they should be released without considering whether there are other  compelling reasons to the contrary.  That in my view would be wrong and improper and that is why courts in Kenya through several decision in the  past have held the question of violations of right if any be handled or canvassed separately.  In the case of JULIUS KAMAU MBUGUA -VS- REPUBLIC [2010] eKLR, for example, the court stated that the violation  of the appellant's right to be produced in court within 24 hours would not   automatically result in his acquittal.  Instead, the appellant would be at  liberty to seek remedy in  damages for the violation of his Constitutional  rights. [Also see Albanus Mwasia Mutua -vs- Republic [2006] eKLR and Evans Wamalwa Simiyu -vs- Republic [2016] eKLR]

26. From the above this court finds that, the question of infringements of the 1^st accused/applicant's Constitutional rights is not properly placed before me to  determine at this stage because if it was, then the 1^st applicant should have  included it as one of the prayers in his application or alternatively he could have taken the issue as a preliminary issue before the plea was taken to  enable the Director of Public Prosecution and the police respond in order for  this court to make  a proper determination without clouding it with the issue  of bond pending trial.  All parties must be given notice and chance to  canvass any issue arising in court because one of the tenets of a  fair trial is   to give all the parties a fair chance to be heard before a court can render a    decision that may affect them.

27.  This court is therefore not convinced that the only avenue available for the 1^st applicant to ventilate for his alleged infringements of his Constitutional   rights through the application before me.  His remedy or remedies even if I was to find that indeed his Constitutional rights were violated would certainly not lie in his application to be released on bond.  They lie  elsewhere and the 1^st applicant is at liberty to pursue them.

28.  (b) whether there are compelling reasons to deny the accused persons herein their respective rights to bail.

 It is now trite that accused persons or arrested persons in Kenya are entitled     to bond/bail unless there are compelling reasons to deny them the rights.  It is also true fundamental rights and freedoms are some of the values that  underlie an open and democratic society such as Kenya and it is the duty and   mandate of this court to ensure that the bill of rights are upheld and  enforced by the State.  However the right to bail like some other rights are   not absolute as contended by the respondent and the victim in this case.  That is why the Constitution provides that instances can exist where those rights can be denied.  The law provides that bond/bail can only be denied  where there are compelling reasons. Compelling reasons are not defined in law but according to Oxford Dictionary compelling is something that invokes interest in a powerful irresistible way and is convincing.  The prosecution are therefore required in law to place before court reasons that   are simply irresistible to convince the court to deny the bail to an accused  person.  Several authorities have been filed by counsel for the 1^st accused to urge this court to grant bail and the learned counsel Mr. Mutuma is commended for that because as all counsels here will concede all of them during the hearing of the applications before me, found their fortitude in the  authorities filed to advance arguments about the respective positions taken.  In all the authorities, rights of the accused versus the rights of victims were discussed at length and for the interest of Judicial time I would not go into  them at this stage.  It is important to consider the law relating to bail pending trial.  Section 123A(1) of Criminal Procedure Code provides as follows:-

"Subject to Article 49(1)(h) of the Constitution and notwithstanding  Section 123 in making a decision on bail and bond the court shall have regard to all the relevant circumstances in particular nature and seriousness of the offence, the character, antecedents, association and the community ties of the accused person the  defts record in respect of the fulfillment of obligations under  previous grants of bail the strength of the chance of his having  committed the offence"

          Now to go back to the authorities cited by the 1^st accused is that this court  has perused through the following authorities;

(i)   Republic -vs- Richard  David Anden [2016] eKLR

(ii)    Republic -vs- Danford Kabage Mwangi [2016] eKLR

(iii)   Republic -vs- Joseph Kuria Irungu & Another (Nbi HCC CR. NO.51 OF 2018) &

(iv)     Republic -vs- Zacharia Okoth Obado & 2 Others [2018] eKLR.

 From the above authorities reference are made to the guidelines in determining the compelling issues affecting grant of bail/bond and they are    as follows:-

a)  Nature of the charge and seriousness of the punishment

b)  The strength of the prosecution's case.

c)  Character of the accused and likelihood of interference with witnesses.

d)  The need to protect the victims of the crime.

e)  The relationship between the accused and the potential witnesses.

f)  Whether the accused is likely to abscond or not

g)  Whether the accused is gainfully employed.

h)  Public order, peace and security

i)   Protection of the accused persons.

The above guidelines clearly touches on the issues that have been brought up  by the prosecution and the victims family in urging this court to deny the applicants herein bail.

29.   On the question of public order, peace and security, this court was urged to consider the fact that the murder of the victim in this case stirred up a lot of  public outrage and led to demonstrations by the public particularly in Meru Town.  The prosecution was therefore of the view that if the accused persons are released on bail, there will be public unrest.  The victim's lawyer went  ahead and added his voice that the public confidence in the judiciary will take a hit if the accused person are released.  However while this court takes Judicial notice of the fact that there was a public outcry owing to the heinous manner in which the victim was murdered,  I have perused at the social inquiry report, which I must say is comprehensive in nature, and I have noted the demonstrations were organized by various groups and cannot be  termed merely as a creature of the general public. Additionally when the 1^st accused person was arraigned in court on 20^th September, 2018, there was no incident created by the public to show/express outrage against the 1^st accused person or cause a potential breach of peace.The accused persons have appeared in this court on few occasions now and I have not witnessed   incidents of demonstrations or unrest in or outside court.  I therefore do not have reasons to belief that the accused persons per se are in danger if released or that there will be a civil strive or unrest following their release.  In any event, it is their Constitutional right to be admitted to bail whether the  public approves or   disapproves.  It would be a travesty of justice, in my view if the courts were to apply the edict used in biblical times which I can  describe as"Pontius Pilate's edict" (ie. leaving the fate of a suspect in the  hands of a crowd).  If this court was to go that route the Constitutional rights  of accused's persons would seriously be violated.  That is not tenable in an open democratic society that cherishes the rule of law. The judicial  independence demands that courts makes decisions based on the law and the evidence presented.  We cannot be called upon to make  decisions based on  affection or ill will of the public.  To do so is not only against oath of office but is akin to subjecting parties in court to "public" mob justice.  That obviously is not tenable and a court of law should stand firm to the   fidelity of the law. I am therefore not pursuaded that accused persons should     be denied bond merely to please the public.

30. On the question of being a flight risks, the fact that persons are facing a  murder charge with a potential death penalty may indeed increase chances of absconding but the same cannot be said with certainty that it will happen.  However this factor cannot be considered in isolation. It must be   considered with other factors as held in Okoth Obado case   (supra).

31.  The 1^st accused person is not employed in gainful employment as the social  inquiry indicates that he is an ex prison warder.  He has stated through  affidavit that he is now a businessman with new business which is said to   be struggling.  As much as his parental home and where he was born is        ascertainable, it is still possible  that he can and may relocate if granted bail   to a different location and hamper trial as opined by the probation officer. The weight of the same opinion is however less and in my view on the   face of it one would not certainly say that the reason or opinion is irresistible particularly in regard to the 1^st accused. 

31. The 2^nd accused's case on the question of being flight risk on the other hand   is different.  His own family as per the social inquiry have had little contact   with him since he left home in Western Kenya and moved to Nairobi.  In Nairobi he has been in various abodes within short stinct of time  and though the 2^nd defence counsel Miss Magara pointing out his wife in court during the hearing of this application, there is every reason to believe that  the 2^nd accused is a potential flight risk.  He had fallen out with the adoptive centre that raised him because it is reported that he obtained money from the    sisters through false representations and simply vanished.  The 2^nd accused has no known house and no ties to his family who reportedly do not want to get involved with this case. The social inquiry also shows that his wife  relocated back to her parents home and this court could not tell whether the lady shown in court was that wife or another. Besides this, the 2^nd accused describes himself as a freelancing businessman and is said to mostly broker of cars and other properties on social media. In this regard he has no known  place of business or employment.  All these factors on their own lead to an  irresistible conclusion that the there is a compelling reason to deny him bail   because the 2^nd accused is a flight risk.

32.  On the question of possible intimidation of vulnerable witnesses, is that it is  not contested that the 1^st accused/applicant is a former trained  uniformed/disciplined officer.  He is trained in handling of various types of   firearms.  While it is true that, it would be wrong to condemn one owing to   this chosen career path, there are some facts that were brought to the  attention of this court that cannot be ignored.  The prosecution has indicated  that some of witnesses are children aged between 8 years and 11 years. Young children as a matter of fact are vulnerable and feel vulnerable owing  to their ages and sizes.  In this instance the children who are witnesses in this case knew the deceased well as they schooled with her.  The vivid details on  how she was kidnapped and murdered is certainly in fresh in their minds and  this court has been told that the minors would feel threatened and fearful if  they are made aware that the accused person have been released on bond and  roams about within their vicinity.  The contention of fear and the basis in my   view sounds convincing.  The witnesses are likely to be afraid to testify freely if they know that the accused persons are walking about freely.  To further compound that fear, is the fact that the accused knows the school where the deceased and the minors attend.  Additionally the other witnesses like the victim’s mother is well known to the 1^st accused and she has sworn  an affidavit stating that the 1^st accused is temperamental in character.  I have considered the probation officer’s report which indicates that the victim’s  fears may be real and  well grounded.  The social inquiry reveals that one Catherine Mutugi, said to have had a relationship with the 1^st accused was forced to seek several restraining orders against him after they parted ways. The 1^st accused counsel faulted the probation officer for not interviewing   the said Catherine Mutugi but the fact that the 1^st accused did not deny the existence of the relationship with the said Catherine Mutugi and the restraining orders indicates that there is basis to believe that the 1^st accused  may be temperamental in character as averred by the victim's mother.The potential to intimidate is therefore real as his character is one that cause trepidation to witnesses.  The court cannot in the interest of justice turn a blind eye to such grave allegations because the same can impact negatively  on the administration and dispensation of justice.

33.   On the question of treatment, this court is pursuaded that proper treatment   can be administered to the 1^st accused while in custody. The 2^nd accused is said to have attended the primary school where the minor witnesses are currently attending. He therefore knows the area well.  He also knows the names of witnesses since the witness statements have been supplied to them. The 1^st defence counsel contended that the witnesses should instead be put into state protection of witness program but given the number of witnesses in this case and the fact that some are minors, the primary  consideration is the best interest of the minors and I find that it is in their best interest to be left undisturbed where they have been living and studying. In the case of Republic -vs- Fredrick Ole Lehman & 4 Others [2016] eKLR the court was faced with the same allegations of likely intimidation of     witnesses in view of the character and training of  the accused persons and the court had this to say;

"Undermining the criminal justice system includes instances  where there is likelihood that witnesses may be interfered with or  intimidated, the likelihood that the accused may interfere with the   evidence, or may endanger an individual or individuals or the public at large, likelihood that the accused may commit other offences.  In  these instances where such interferences may occur the court has to determine whether the integrity of the criminal process and the evidence may be preserved by attaching stringent terms to the bond  or bail  terms or whether they may not be guaranteed in which case  the court may find that it is necessary to subject the accused to pre- trial custody. Apart from the rights of the accused, and public interest issues, there are other categories of rights which the court is mandated not to loose sight of.  These are  the rights of the victims of the crime.  The Victim Protection Act gives a broad definition of who the victims are.  They include the families of the ones against whom the offence was committed ................................ It is not disputed by the defence that the accused persons hail from the same locality as the potential witnesses and this being the case, the danger of such witnesses being driven into a corner by the presence of the accused persons so  soon after the ghastly death of the deceased is a real  possibility........"

The court then went ahead and found that there were compelling reasons to keep the accused persons in custody. Those circumstances obtains in this     case.

In conclusion, this court based on the above, finds that both the applicationsby both accused persons lack in merit.  This court finds that based on the   evidence of likely interference and intimidation of witnesses especially the minor witnesses and victims family owing to the manner in which the    murder was carried out there are compelling reasons to keep the accused  persons in custody at least until the said witnesses have testified. The first   accused/applicant is at liberty to move this court at a later stage of trial but  the 2^nd accused for the aforestated reasons will be kept in custody pending trial and determination of this case.

Dated, signed and delivered at Chuka this 7^th day of February, 2019.

R .K. LIMO

JUDGE

7/2/2019

Ruling dated, signed and delivered at Chuka this 7^th day of February, 2019.

R.K. LIMO

JUDGE

7/2/2019