IN THE COURT OF APPEAL

AT  KISUMU

(CORAM:    AZANGALALA,   ODEK & KANTAI, JJ. A)

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.  2   OF 2013

BETWEEN

JOSEPH KHATIAKALA .......................  APPELLANT

AND

REPUBLIC.........................................RESPONDENT

      (Appeal from a  Judgment of the High Court of Kenya at Kakamega

(Chitembwe, J)  dated  31^st  January,   2013

in

HCCRC   NO.  14  OF 2008)

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DRAFT JUDGEMENT OF THE COURT

 This is a first appeal and we are duty bound to revisit the evidence afresh, analyse it, evaluate it and reach  our own conclusion provided that we  are minded that the trial court  had the advantage of seeing the  demeanour of the witnesses and  hearing them and thus give  allowance for the same – see the  oft-cited case of Okeno v Republic  [1972] EA 32 on the duty of a first appellate court. That statement of the law will also be found in our recent decision in Raphael Isolo Echakara & Anor v Republic (Kisumu) Criminal Appeal No. 44 of 2013 (ur) amongst many others. 

  The charge that faced the appellant was that of murder contrary to Section  203 as read with Section 204 of the Penal Code. It was alleged in  the Information that on 8^th  February, 2008 at Lubambo village in the then Kakamega District the appellant  murdered Christopher  Musinzi.

 The  prosecution called seven witnesses  and at the close of that case the trial Court found that the  appellant had a case to answer.   The appellant gave sworn testimony  and in a considered judgement delivered on 8^th November, 2012 the learned trial judge (Said J. Chitembwe, J) convicted him and sentenced him  to 20 years imprisonment.   Those findings provoked this appeal premised on five grounds of  appeal set out in the Memorandum of Appeal drawn by learned  counsel for the appellant M/s S. M. Onyango  Associates, Advocates.   In sum the appellant complains that the learned judge erred in  finding that a charge of murder had  been proved when the evidence  presented did not support such finding; that the learned judge erred in  relying on evidence fraught with contradictions; that there was miscarriage of justice as the learned judge  failed to critically analyse the prosecution evidence and that of the  defence; that the evidence was not analysed as a whole and finally that the trial court  shifted the burden of proof .

 What was the case for the prosecution?  It was that at about 5:00 p.m  on 8^th February, 2008 Clayton Bhanja  (PW1) (Bhanja), who owned  a bicycle which he operated as a “boda boda” taxi was requested by a village elder one Ayisi, to take the Assistant Chief (Christopher Jumba – deceased) home.   They were then at Virembe Market  and the deceased home at  Muleche was about 2 kilometres away.   They used a rough road.   On reaching a hilly patch of the road and as he continued to cycle the bicycle Bhanja saw the appellant,  a person he knew well, who was  walking while staggering as if he was drunk.   Bhanja overtook the appellant but as he did so the deceased told him that he had been stabbed by the appellant.   The deceased thus requested him to seek help and he cycled to the nearby home of Aggrey Khalusi (PW2) (Khalusi) but upon arrival  there, and upon disembarking from  the bicycle the deceased stumbled and fell.   Both Bhanja and Khalusi observed that the  deceased, who was in official uniform, was bleeding profusely.  They carried the deceased to a  motor vehicle and sped to Kakamega District Hospital but upon  arrival there a doctor pronounced  that the deceased had already  died.

        Asked, in cross examination, whether  he had actually seen the appellant stab the deceased Bhanja had this to say:

“...  The accused stabbed the assistant Chief immediately  we passed him.   I didn't  see accused doing the stabbing.  The place is hilly and I was moving slowly.   I stopped  immediately.  There were children coming from school but were quite far.   There was nobody on the  road other than the three of  us, Chief, myself and accused....”

A report was made at Kakamega Police Station and the body of the deceased was taken to Kakamega  Hospital Mortuary  where it was identified for post mortem by  Philip Musinzi (PW3) and Wilson Musonye (PW6).  A post mortem was  conducted by Dr. Oreke of that hospital whose report was produced by Dr. Dickson Mchami (PW7) (the Doctor) who testified that the  body of  the deceased had a stab wound 6cm long and 0.5cm wide below the right collar bone which had severed the blood vessels under  the collar bone.   The 2^nd right rib was fractured and both lungs had collapsed leading the Doctor to conclude that the cause of  death was trapping of air in the chest due to a chest  penetrating injury. 

        No. 42374 PC Benson Owoch (PW4) of Kakamega Police Station received report of the said incident and visited the scene with other officers but did  not find the weapon used to  stab the deceased.   They also did not find the appellant.

The same day 8^th February, 2008. No. 79019040 I. P. Moses  Kimong; upon receiving information, visited the appellants home but did not find him.   He later    that night received  further information and while accompanied  by other officers and members of the public he  went to Mukangu area where he found  the appellant hiding by a river while armed with bows and  arrows.   He was duly arrested and charged with murder as already  stated.

 At the end of the  prosecution case, and after being put on his defence the  appellant in a sworn statement stated that he was  a farmer, charcoal burner, a person who prospected in  gold  and also doubled as a person  who lay trapsin the  forest  to capture animals presumably for food.  He admitted knowing  the deceased but denied the allegations made against him.   He stated that on 8^th February, 2008 he had gone to sell gold at Khayega after which he enjoyed four beers in a bar and thereafter left for home.   He said that he was arrested on 9^th February, 2008

  Mr. H. B. Indimuli, learned counsel for  the appellant, in urging the  appeal before us, consolidated all the grounds of appeal and argued them as one.  He submitted that there was material contradiction in the evidence of Bhanja who on the one hand testified that he had seen the appellant  stab the deceased but on the  other testified that it was the deceased who told him that  he had been stabbed by the  appellant.   Counsel further submitted  that the trial court erred in  convicting for murder when a  motive had neither been established  nor proved.   For these reasons he urged us to allow the  appeal.

  Mr. L. K. Sirtuy, the learned Principal  Prosecution Counsel, in opposing the  appeal urged that the facts of  the case established by circumstantial  evidence that it was the appellant and no other who had stabbed  the deceased to death.  

 We have carefully considered the record of appeal, the Memorandum of Appeal, the rival submissions made before us and the law.

        The learned trial judge after analysing the evidence presented held that:

   “The only evidence connecting the accused to the offence is that of PW1.  It is the evidence of PW1 that he saw the accused  walking along the road at a close distance.   There was no other person other than the accused  and PW1 together with  the assistant chief along the road.   There were some  children coming from school but they were quite far.  It is PW1's evidence that  it was about 5:00 p.m and the chief had come out of a barasa.  PW1 further  testified that the place was a bit hilly and he was cycling slowly.  PW1 had known the accused for a long time and knew that he used to poach animals in  the forest.

   On  the other hand there is the evidence of the accused person who testified that he did not see PW1 and the deceased along the road on that material day.   The accused was coming from Khayega after having sold his gold.  He denied having committed the offence.  He took some four beers after selling his gold  and walked along  the road heading to Chepsonoi area. 

   From the evidence on record I am satisfied that it was the accused who stabbed the deceased.   The offence occurred at about 5:00 p.m. and PW1 clearly saw the accused.   It is PW1's further evidence that the chief told him that he had been stabbed.  PW1 stopped the bicycle immediately the chief was  stabbed and that was after they had passed the accused.   There was no other  person along the road.  Although the motive is not known but I am satisfied that the accused stabbed the deceased and he had the intention to cause him  grievous harm.   The deceased died because of the injuries inflicted on him by the accused.......”

 The learned judge proceeded to find that the appellant stabbed the deceased inflicting fatal injuries and that he was therefore guilty of murder and convicted him accordingly.

 Bhanja did not see or observe the appellant stab the deceased but he testified that it was only  the three of them who were at  the scene and that there was  nobody else who could have stabbed the deceased.  Indeed his testimony went  further to the effect that as  soon as he overtook the appellant while slowly  cycling up a gentle hill the deceased informed him  immediately that he had been stabbed and they should go to  hospital. 

 It was held by the predecessor of this Court in Kipkering Arap Koske & Anor v R  1949  EA 135 that in order  to justify, on circumstantial evidence,  the inference of guilt, the inculpatory   facts must be incompatible with the innocence of the accused, and incapable of explanation upon any other reasonable hypothesis other than  that of his guilt, and the burden  of proving  facts which justify  the drawing of this inference from the  facts to the exclusion of any reasonable hypothesis of innocence  is always on the prosecution and never shifts to the accused.  See also Sawe v Republic [2003] e KLR where the same proposition was made.

 On our part, and upon re-analysing, as we must, the evidence on record, we are satisfied that there was sufficient  evidence before the trial court to find that it was the appellant and no other who stabbed the deceased inflicting  injuries on him.   Bhanja had clearly  seen the appellant, a person he knew very well before, walking ahead of them as he cycled the bicycle  uphill.   It was broad daylight and there was no other  person at the scene at all.  The deceased suddenly informed Bhanja, as soon as they had overtaken the appellant,  that he had been stabbed and  they should go to hospital.   The circumstances were such that it  was the appellant, and no  other, who had the opportunity  to stab the deceased.   The learned trial judge cannot be faulted  on this aspect of the matter at all. 

  There is however one aspect of the matter that calls for our further consideration.  As stated the appellant was charged  with and was convicted of the offence of murder.  The  learned trial judge, after analysing the evidence placed  before him stated is part of  the judgment that although the  motive for the attack was not known the judge was satisfied that the appellant stabbed the deceased  with intention to cause him grievous harm and was thus  guilty of murder. 

  Section 203 of the Penal Code defines the offence of murder as

“Any person who of malice aforethought causes death of another person by an unlawful act or omission is guilty of  murder.”

And Section 206 of the same Code defines malice aforethought as comprising of: 

“Malice aforethought shall be deemed to be established  by evidence proving any one or more of the following circumstances -

(a)      An intention to cause the death of or to do grievous harm    to any person, whether that person is the person     actually killed or not;

(b)      knowledge that the act or omission causing death will    probably cause the death  or grievous harm to some person, whether that person is the person actually   killed or not, although such knowledge is accompanied by        indifference whether death or grievous bodily harm is     caused or not, or  by a    wish that it may not be caused

(c )     an intent to commit a felony;

(d)      an intention by the act or omission to facilitate the flight    or escape from custody    of any person who has committed    or attempted  to commit a felony.”

The learned trial Judge found that malice aforethought had been proved. 

Malice aforethought is really the intention or mens  rea in murder  cases.   It is not essential to prove  motive in a murder case.  We say this because Section 9 (3) of  the Penal Code provides that:

“Unless otherwise expressly declared, the motive by which a person is induced to do or omit to do an act, or to form an intention, is immaterial so far as regards criminal responsibility.”

It may however become one of the elements to consider where the case for the prosecution, as the  case which was before the learned judge, rested purely on  circumstantial evidence.  That issue became one of the issue for  consideration in the case of Libambula v Republic [2003] KLR  683 where this Court stated:

“ We may pose, what is the  relevance of motive here?  Motive is that which makes  a man do a particular act in a particular way.  A motive exists for every voluntary act, and is often proved by the conduct of the person.  See Section 8 of the Evidence Act Cap 80 Laws of Kenya.  Motive  becomes an important element  in the chain on presumptive  proof and where the case rests on purely  circumstantial evidence.  Motive of course, may be drawn from the facts, though proof of  it is not essential to prove crime.”

In that sense , as was held in Muili Tulo v Republic [2014] e KLR, motive is not  mens rea.

 In the case before the learned Judge Bhanja  testified that while cycling carrying the deceased on his bicycle:

“...I saw someone walking while staggering.   I recognized him as Khatiakala....”

In cross examination the same witness stated that:

“....The accused walked as if he was drank...”

This witness also stated that he knew the appellant as a person who  poached animals in the forest.  Police Officer Kimong testified that upon receiving information he  went to Mukangu area at 1:00a.m  where he found the appellant  by a river, hiding in a forest armed  with a bow and arrows.  The appellant himself, in sworn testimony in his own defence stated his various occupations to include laying snares for animals in the forest.

The learned trial judge established, as one of the issues calling for his consideration, whether the  appellant was drunk to the extent that he did not know  what he was doing.  In the  end the Judge found that the appellant was not intoxicated  to the extent of not knowing  what he was doing. 

 It will therefore be seen that the evidence placed before  the learned judge, and which he accepted, was that the appellant  could very well have taken intoxicating drinks which  made him stagger as he walked  on the road.   It would appear that upon Bhanja overtaking him, and in a completely unprovoked attack, he proceed to stab the deceased and then disappeared from the scene only to be found many hours later  by police as he hid at a river  in the forest.

The circumstances of the case and  the facts laid out by the  prosecution do not appear to  have established the necessary  mens rea to found a charge  of murder  as provided by the said Section of the  Penal Code.   The appellant was armed with  a sharp object which he probably used in his occupation  of hunting animals in the forest.

 For reasons that are not known  on that particular day, and after apparently taking alcohol, the appellant attacked the deceased by stabbing him and  then disappearing from the scene.   We  are of the respectful opinion that the  circumstances appear to establish  an offence of manslaughter but not that of murder which the appellant was  charged and for which he was convicted.

Having come  to the conclusion that the appellant was wrongly convicted for murder instead of manslaughter this appeal partially succeeds to the extent that  we quash the conviction for murder and substitute thereof  a conviction  for maslaughter as provided by  Section 202 of  the Penal Code.

 What is the appropriate sentence  to be awarded to the appellant?

The trial judge, after convicting the appellant for the  offence of murder held that the sentence  of death was inhuman and degrading.  He was probably  persuaded  in that line of thinking by the holding of  this court in    Mutiso v Republic  Criminal Appeal of 17 of 2008 (NAI)  where it was held inter alia that the death  sentence was not the only  sentence on a conviction for murder.   The learned Judge  therefore took into consideration the fact that the deceaseds' family had been robbed of its breadwinner and sentenced  the appellant to serve 20  years imprisonment.

Upon our own consideration we think that the appellant should serve 20 years imprisonment for the offence of manslaughter.   It is therefore so ordered.

 DATED AND DELIVERED AT KISUMU THIS  10^TH   DAY OF DECEMBER,  2014.

F.  AZANGALALA

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JUDGE OF APPEAL

OTIENO-ODEK

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JUDGE OF APPEAL

S. ole  KANTAI

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JUDGE OF APPEAL